Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the healthy brain - PMC
Glutamate is the most abundant free amino acid in the brain and is at the crossroad between multiple metabolic pathways. Considering this, it was a surprise to discover that glutamate has excitatory effects on nerve cells, and that it can excite cells to their death in a process now referred to as “excitotoxicity”.
Biochemistry, Glutamate - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
2022年12月19日 · Glutamate is the principal excitatory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system and the most abundant neurotransmitter in the brain. It is stored within vesicles in axon terminals and released via exocytosis upon the influx of calcium cations.
Glutamate metabolism and recycling at the excitatory synapse …
2021年9月15日 · Glutamate is extensively recycled between neurons and astrocytes in a process known as the glutamate-glutamine cycle. The recycling of glutamate is closely linked to brain energy metabolism and is essential to sustain glutamatergic neurotransmission.
Glutamate Synthase - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Glutamate synthase is an enzyme that converts 2-oxoglutarate into l-glutamate using l-glutamine as the nitrogen source. It is an important component of the nitrogen assimilation pathway in plants and microorganisms, and it plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of various compounds, including amino acids, nucleotides, chlorophylls, polyamines ...
The Role of Glutamine Synthetase and Glutamate …
In the brain, glutamine synthetase (GS), which is located predominantly in astrocytes, is largely responsible for the removal of both blood-derived and metabolically generated ammonia.
Glutamate - Neuroscience - NCBI Bookshelf - National Center for ...
Glutamate is a nonessential amino acid that does not cross the blood-brain barrier and must be synthesized in neurons from local precursors. The most prevalent glutamate precursor in synaptic terminals is glutamine.
The role of glutamate and glutamine metabolism and related …
2024年2月15日 · Within the brain, glutamate is the most utilized excitatory neurotransmitter in all signal transmission processes. 2 During synaptic transmission, the release of glutamate from presynaptic neurons via the glutamate–glutamine cycle activates postsynaptic glutamate receptors, thus mediating excitatory transmission. 2 Simultaneously, this cycle eff...
Glutamate as a Neurotransmitter in the Brain: Review of …
2000年4月1日 · Glutamate is the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in brain. Our knowledge of the glutamatergic synapse has advanced enormously in the last 10 years, primarily through application of molecular biological techniques to the study …
Regulation of brain glutamate metabolism by nitric oxide and S
Our data suggest that neurons in the nNOS −/− brain would avidly oxidize glutamate and consequently exhibit attenuation of the ischemia-induced increase in intrasynaptic glutamate (15–17, 72) while providing adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) for metabolic processes.
Specialized astrocytes mediate glutamatergic gliotransmission in …
2023年9月6日 · Using GluSnFR-based glutamate imaging 22 in situ and in vivo, we identified a corresponding astrocyte subgroup that responds reliably to astrocyte-selective stimulations with subsecond...