In one systematic review comparing transforaminal, interlaminar, and caudal ESIs, the authors concluded that there was moderate evidence ... The injected contrast should ideally outline the nerve root ...

Caudal lumbar epidural injections are performed by inserting a needle through the sacral hiatus into the epidural space at the sacral canal (Figs. 68-9 and 68-10). The patient is placed in a prone ...

A sole injection of local anesthetic as a caudal epidural block relieves pain for 2-4 hours. This timeframe can be prolonged by incorporating additional agents like opioids, ketamine, α2 agonists, and ...