Since medieval times, few people had the right to vote (“suffrage”). Parliament was rotten, representation was unequal, and elections were corrupt. The 1800s saw three Reform Acts (1832, 1867, 1884) ...

Check if you have access via personal or institutional login Between the 1832 Great Reform Act and the outbreak of World War One in 1914, over 2,600 by-elections took place in Britain. They were ...

In June 1832, two events stirred up political conflict in Lower Canada: the Place d'Armes by-election, which turned into a tragedy costing several lives, and the cholera epidemic. At the beginning ...