Anatomic anomalies of the inferior vena cava are rare congenital malformations, found in 1% of the population. They are usually discovered incidentally on imaging, vascular interventions ...

Diagnosis Superior vena cava syndrome due to thrombotic obstruction ... performed to assess vessel patency revealed a focal stenosis at the SVC-right atrium junction, with a 14 mmHg pressure ...

[9] Endothelial disruption caused by repeated trauma from the leads is thought to be responsible for SVC fibrotic stenosis, usually occurring above the right atrium, as seen in this patient.