the tumours in the bladder are "cold" because they do not have immune cells to fight off the cancer. But the actions of the virus turn them "hot", making the body's immune system react.

"So it was pretty much like getting a bladder transplant, but from my own cells, so you don't have to deal with rejection," says Luke. Rejection is when the body's immune system attacks ...

Tumours develop through a continuous dynamic interaction between cancer cells and the immune system ... including molecular, cytology, histology, and imaging, to elucidate these subtleties.

Clinical relevance: Receptor engineering has significantly advanced NK cell-based ... into the bladder by the urologist in the urologist’s office, and it stimulates an immune response.