Such imbalances, known as dysbiosis, have been linked to mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety.

Covey and colleagues have identified statistically significant risk factors for developing major depression after smoking cessation. These include past major depressive episodes, nicotine ...

There is also a close link between tobacco use and rates of depression and anxiety, Holm said. Smoking or vaping is a way to "paper over" the things that cause stress, depression and fatigue ...